![]() Once this pill enters people’s lives, it doesn’t quit-and neither does the sales team. What Dopesick does best is slowly unfold the breathtaking scope of the drug’s impact-tying together the story of growing addiction and Purdue Pharma’s rapacious marketing. But as the characters reveal their struggles, Dopesick gets better and better, emphasizing how dwarfed each individual is by the massive power of Purdue. In the show’s first few episodes, it’s especially disorienting. Dopesick follows Finnix and his patient Betsy ( Kaitlyn Dever) over the course of several years, as Oxycontin rips their lives to shreds.ĭopesick would be better if the story did not jump around so much in time the timeline-shifting is an increasingly popular prestige television crutch that replaces more thorough storytelling. (Macy and Keaton are executive producers, as is showrunner Danny Strong.) Over eight dizzying episodes, seven of which were sent to critics, everything unravels. But because the drug was so addictive-and ruthlessly marketed by Purdue-Purdue Pharma made billions off of it.ĭopesick, an eight-episode limited series based on the book by journalist Beth Macy, turns this story into a personal one centered on West Virginia doctor Samuel Finnix ( Michael Keaton), a fixture of his community who starts prescribing Oxycontin after a Purdue Pharma rep assures him it’s a nonaddictive treatment for the pain his patients are experiencing. From the late ’90s through the ’00s, Oxycontin addiction ravaged entire communities, turning them into the epicenter of an opioid crisis that is still raging today. ![]() Probably you were already angry about the Oxycontin grift, wherein the company Purdue Pharma-run by the extremely wealthy Sackler family-peddled the opioid as a nonaddictive painkiller when it was, in fact, highly addictive. ![]()
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![]() ![]() My Cajun Chicken Alfredo will become another favorite.If you are making this for picky eaters, I would suggest only adding a pinch of pepper instead of the whole amount. It is the black pepper in this recipe that gives it the slight kick. I didn’t think this dish was spicy, but my kids thought it had a little bit of a kick to it. If you can’t find it at your grocery store, you can certainly look for a recipe that will help you make just a small amount.īut to really enjoy this creamy butter chicken recipe, throw in some garam masala! Is Butter Chicken Spicy? Without it, the dish won’t have the same flavor. I would really encourage you to go out and buy some Garam Masala for this recipe. It gives the recipe a little bit of a kick and a delicious signature flavor that really can’t be found using anything else. Garam masala is a spice blend that is used in a lot of traditional Indian cooking. you can substitute the 1 cup half and half with 1/2 a cup heavy cream and 1/2 a cup whole milk. If you are making this outside of the U.S. Half and half is a product sold in the United States that is literally just half heavy cream and half whole milk. Instead I used yogurt and half and half, which give you the nice creaminess you are looking for without the heavy cream. There will still be lots of sauce left perfect for covering rice and dipping naan.Ī lot of Butter Chicken recipes call for cream, but I opted out in this version. Allow the sauce to simmer, cooking down for 10 minutes. Stir in tomato puree, tomato paste, lemon juice, yogurt and half and half. Now add in the garam masala, chili powder, salt and black pepper. You want them to just cook on the outside but there is no need to cook them all the way through as they will finish cooking with the sauce. These bite sized pieces of chicken will only need a minute or two. After the butter is melted, add in the garlic and ginger and cook until just fragrant. ![]() Allowing them to cook down first prevents the chicken from over cooking and the garlic from burning. One of the keys to this recipe is to really let the onions cook down first before you add anything else. It’s super easy to make and delicious so thank you!” How to Make Butter Chicken Serve warm.“This recipe has become a go to for my family! My husband loves requesting it. Brush with melted butter and sprinkle with salt and cilantro, if desired.Gently press to the sides of the mugs to adhere. Divide into 6 equal pieces and gently stretch to cover the tops of the mugs. On a lightly dusted surface, turn out the dough.Fill 6 oven-safe mugs with the Butter Chicken.Mix in the vegetables, cream, and tomato paste and continue to cook for 5 minutes.Add in the chicken stock and bring to a boil, and then reduce to a simmer. Add the diced tomato, jalapeno, chicken, and chicken marinade, and cook for 10 minutes.And add in the garlic and ginger and cook until fragrant. Then add in the diced onion and saute until softened, stirring often. After an hour, melt the ghee in a large pan over medium heat.Cover and refrigerate for at least an hour. Add in the chicken thigh pieces and mix well to coat. Combine the Greek yogurt, lemon juice, garam masala, cumin, turmeric, paprika, salt, and cinnamon in a large container. While you wait, put together the chicken marinade.Cover and let rise in a warm area for 2 hours. When the dough is nearly formed, use your hands to mix and knead until a soft dough forms. When the yeast is ready, mix the Greek yogurt and olive oil into the yeast mixture.Meanwhile, sift the flour, salt, remaining 1 teaspoon of sugar, and baking powder into a large bowl. Let it sit for 10 minutes, or until foamy. In a bowl, combine the dry yeast, 1 teaspoon sugar, and 3/4 cup warm water. ![]() ![]() ![]() Someone got caught in 4K on live TV □ /TctqMeqIa0 Kirby Smart dusting his son in a beach race and high stepping at the end is great: /YhzpIrXmNV Great day with the boys!!! /GWoWSPP0Li no context college football July 20, 2021 ![]() He's the second player in MLB history to do that twice before turning 27 years old.Ī post shared by LANI always #HotGirlSummer for my husband, Carl □ Happy birthday my love! /utz7Atpk3F Tonight was the second time the Will Smith has had a pinch-hit walkoff home run (also on June 23, 2019). I’m just along for the ride - as long as it doesn’t mean multiple travel ball weekends. It’s time for him to lead me down his own sporting path. I have 100% never pushed sports on my son because I have this incredible drive to not be one of those dads and yet here we are with things starting to click. My pitch count got up to 80 or so and he was finished. Monday, my son begged me to throw BP, so we went out and I brought the heat. It’s hard to win with your best player out and you can’t drive in runs with kids in scoring position. He’s just a guy trying to get along like the rest of us with kids.Īs for the 8U game, my son’s team lost - I believe it was 8-1. I wondered why he was being so quiet and then he pans to the wife and the kids. Kendall had at least 2-3 kids in his backseat as he was driving home from this resort.Lastly, if you ever decide to come south for a family vacay, this is the spot I was driving back from on Saturday during the call. Hey, Joe! I really enjoyed the Zoom on Saturday and hope you will be on them more frequently. Kendall L., who was driving with his family and listening to the Zoom VIP call I did this past Saturday, writes:.Gives me chills even thinking about being 13 and consuming so many movies, baseball cards, Reds games, Bengals games. Think about watching those classics for the first time. Now, I can’t think of a better way to get things rolling at 13 than working through the classics vault and Jake has thrown out what looks like a gateway to the teenage years right there. ![]() I wish nothing but the best for Jake and his son as they make up for lost time.Now if I could only get them to watch football with me! In due time, I guess. It’s been fun being able to share this with him. Our sons are around the same age and Terminator movies are likely to be playing in the next year or so in my household. ![]() His brothers are still a little young but you pretty much just have to go with the old trial and error on what they watch. Since then, we have watched all the Jurassic Park and Jurassic World movies. Turns out the kid is just terrified of animated things but real-life-looking dinosaurs eating people and dismembering them is totally fine with him. So, we decide to show him a few clips on YouTube from the original Jurassic Park just to gauge how he’s going to react. I’ve never heard of Quetzalcoatlus, let alone do I know how to pronounce it… He does. Obviously, there’s no chance in hell he’s going to be able to handle anything like that if he can’t handle The Good Dinosaur, right? Now you’ve got to understand this kid is obsessed with anything dinosaurs and even corrects my pronunciation of the names. How the hell is an animated kids movie scary?!?! Fast forward a couple months and my oldest sees a commercial for one of the new Jurassic Park (World) movies and he is begging to watch it. We keep asking him what’s wrong and his answer is the same… The movie was scary. Pretty odd since of the 3 boys, he’s never had any issues sleeping through the night. Over the next week, he is up 3-4 times in the middle of the night saying he’s scared. His younger brothers were engaged so when the movie ends, we’re getting them ready for bed and my oldest says to me that he’s scared and wants to sleep in his brother’s room for the night. Watch it at home as a family one night and the whole time he doesn’t seem too interested. My 8 y/o loves dinosaurs so naturally we searched for kids dinosaur movies and found The Good Dinosaur. I think my experience is unique, but I’ll share it with you in the hopes it helps. ![]() ![]() It is therefore imperative to identify the factors that impede staff retention in the industry and subsequently cause staff turnover. In addition, the working environment can be very stressful and overbearing to the staff who have to deal with satisfying the needs and wants of customers as well as dealing with uncertain working conditions. It is pointed out that the industry is a very complex one to steer due to its various sub-industries or sectors. This justifies the claim by Chalkiti and Sigala that there are a plethora of reasons leading to staff turnover in the hospitality industry. Other contributing factors could be narrowed down to employees’ expectations of the job, the discrepancy between the job and person, not enough coaching and feedback, minimal growth and career opportunities, stress from being overworked, poor working conditions and job status, whether the individual is fully employed, contracted or seasonally employed. wage, job satisfaction and organizational commitment). tenure, education, and gender) and thirdly, work-related factors (e.g. perception of both employment and unemployment rate, and presence of trade union), internal factors (e.g. ![]() Yazinski posits that staff turnover rate in the industry can be broadly divided into three groups external factors (e.g. It is posited that employee turnover in the hospitality industry is triggered by dissatisfaction, which includes relationships with supervisors, working conditions, work schedules, workload, job content, and salary and benefits. In fact, the turnover rate in the hospitality industry usually averages around 20 to 300 percent annually. Narkhede, advances the discourse by stating that staff turnover in the hospitality industry is having an effect on performance, productivity, and profitability. Ronra and Chaisawat postulate that turnover is one of the key issues in the world’s hospitality industry. It can in fact contribute to the loss of a company’s assets and resources. It has been well documented that the level of turnover or in other words the staff turnover rate usually has an impact on organizations. Zhang further explains that staff turnover refers to the number of persons who voluntarily or involuntarily leave an organization within a specific period. Staff turnover is defined as the number of workers who leave an organization and are replaced or rotated with new employees. However, the turnover of employees within this global economic activity is a concern. Tourism and in particular, the hospitality industry and sectors are centred on service and according to O’Cass and Sok, the employees who are the providers of the service are essential to the overall success of tourism. Tourism is one of the world’s largest and rapidly growing industries and the hospitality industry is a major segment of this global economy. The global economy in the 21st century is driven by three major industries technology, telecommunication and tourism. ![]() The findings of this study will be very useful in advancing the literature as well as informing hotel practitioners. The chapter concludes that it is important for hotel managers to establish an employee-centric environment with deliberate and effective workplace practices to retain employees. Push factors are dissatisfactions with the current job which cause employees to seek alternative employment and pull factors are the reasons that attract employees to a new workplace. From this review, the chapter identifies that these are both push and pull factors. Literature review was used as the methodology for ascertaining the factors that are contributing to staff turnover in hotels. In general, the sector is believed to be very stressful especially since the employees have to deal with satisfying the needs and wants of customers and uncertain working conditions. This sector of the hospitality and tourism economy was selected for the study as it is deemed to be very demanding and oftentimes overwhelming. Staff turnover rate usually affects an organization’s performance, productivity and profitability, and can contribute to the loss of assets and resources. The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the factors that are contributing to staff turnover in the hotel industry. ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Transcription: " Noroshi" ( Japanese: 狼煙) Main article: List of Attack on Titan episodes No. Part 1 was praised for its story development, and characters especially through Levi and the introduction of Kenny whilst Part 2 was praised for its emotional moments, action sequences, stakes, animation, dark tone, music, and voice acting. The season was universally acclaimed, with both parts receiving an equal amount of praise. "The Path of Longing and Corpses") performed by Linked Horizon and the second ending theme is "Name of Love" performed by Cinema Staff. The opening theme for the second part of third season is "Shoukei to Shikabane no Michi" ( 憧憬と屍の道, lit. The opening theme for the season's first 12 episodes is " Red Swan" by Yoshiki featuring Hyde, and the ending theme is "Akatsuki no Requiem" ( 暁の鎮魂歌, Akatsuki no Chinkonka, lit. The score is composed by Hiroyuki Sawano. The Survey Corps strive to carve a path towards victory as Eren vows to take back everything that was once his. In the second half of the season, the Survey Corps led by Erwin embark on a mission to retake Wall Maria, returning to the tattered Shiganshina District that was once Eren's home. Sought after by the government, Levi and his new squad must evade their adversaries in hopes of keeping Eren and Historia safe. After being rescued from the Colossal and Armored Titans, all seems well for the soldiers, until the government suddenly demands custody of Eren and Historia. However, threats arise not only from the Titans beyond the walls, but from the humans within them as well. The season follows Eren and his fellow soldiers from the Survey Corps who are still fighting for their survival against the terrifying Titans. Adult Swim began airing Funimation's English dub on August 18, 2018. The season's first 12 episodes were broadcast on NHK General TV from July 23 to October 15, 2018, before going into hiatus until April 29, 2019. It covers the " Uprising" (chapters 51–70) and " Return to Shiganshina" (chapters 71–90) arcs from the original manga by Hajime Isayama. The third season of the Attack on Titan anime television series was produced by IG Port's Wit Studio, chief directed by Tetsurō Araki and directed by Masashi Koizuka, with Yasuko Kobayashi handling series composition and Kyōji Asano providing character designs. ![]() ![]() ![]() You use the Import and Export commands to convert the components into the formats that SOLIDWORKS and xDesign can use. Components created in 3DEXPERIENCE apps like xDesign are saved as physical products in collaborative spaces and seen in the 3DSpace app. It uses familiar history-based modeling concepts found in all major CAD products as well as cutting-edge, automated feature extraction from scan data. Do SOLIDWORKS and xDesign have the same file type No. Here are a few things you need to know about xDesign In the video below, we will walk you through the process of making changes to a model in xDesign. In the second week of February, Jeroen Spee from our main sponsor SOLIDWORKS, in partnership with Design. This app utilizes 2D sketches to create 3D solids through extrusion, rotation, sweeping along a path, etc. Design competition X SolidWorks X Design Solutions. In fact, if you can design in SOLIDWORKS, you can start using Geomagic Design X right away. SOLIDWORKS 3D Creator is a role included with the SOLIDWORKS Cloud Offer that provides the xDesign App, a cloud-based mechanical CAD tool. Because xDesign was made by the creators of SOLIDWORKS, anyone who has used SOLIDWORKS will instantly feel at home. ![]() He also introduces new apps in the engineering design process. Works Like Your CAD Software Geomagic Design X is easy to learn and use. Through the SOLIDWORKS xDesign Lesson series, David helps educators understand the differences and similarities between xDesign and SOLIDWORKS through simple examples. Reduce costly errors related to poor fit with other components. What if design wasn’t confined to the classroom or the cubicle If you could create when you want, where you want, whenever inspiration strikes. Reduce Costs Reuse existing designs without having to manually update old drawings or painstakingly measure and rebuild a model in CAD. Geomagic Design X is the easiest way to create editable, feature-based CAD models from a 3D scanner and integrate them into your existing engineering design workflow. Designed by the SOLIDWORKS team with SOLIDWORKS users in mind, xDesign as the key app in the 3D Creator role features a few key capabilities that make it the logical evolution from and extension to the world’s favorite 3D CAD software, SOLIDWORKS. Broaden Your Design Capabilities Instead of starting from a blank screen, start from the real world. Models from Geomagic Design X are fully transferable to SOLIDWORKS, complete with their features and history. xShape enables you to quickly create highly stylized, curvature continuous (C2) designs while leveraging subdivision modeling technology in an environment that makes concept modeling as easy as pushing and pulling shapes, just like with a clay model or Play-Doh. Geomagic Design X, the industry's most comprehensive reverse engineering software, combines history-based CAD with 3D scan data processing so you can create feature-based, editable solid models compatible with your existing CAD software. ![]() ![]() ![]() His works were published at a convenient time. He prepared a secret plan in 1890, in case of war between the United States and Britain. He thought the navy should control the sea, and thereby supervising its use. This was for trade in times of peace, and for control in times of war. These included The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783 (1890), and Sea Power in Relation to the War of 1812 (2 vols., 1905).Īlfred Thayer Mahan believed the greatness of a country depended on its use of the sea. He wrote several books on having the power of the seas. Mahan turned his lectures into books, which became extremely popular once published. He held the position from 1886 to 1889, and then again from 1892 to 1893. As a result, Mahan succeeded him as the President of the college. The President of the Naval War College, Stephen Luce, took command of the North Atlantic Squadron. In 1886, Mahan prepared to become a professor. In 1885, Alfred Thayer Mahan became a lecturer at the Naval War College, where he taught naval history and tactics. His role was to protect US interests as the War of the Pacific ended. He commanded the USS Wachusett, and he was stationed in Peru. From 1865 to 1885, Mahan progressed through the ranks until he became captain. He served the Union during the American Civil War. Sempa. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers, 2003.The navy commissioned Mahan as a lieutenant in 1861. By Alfred Thayer Mahan with a new introduction by Francis P. The interest of America in international conditions. Hattendorf, editor. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 1991. By Alfred Thayer Mahan with an introduction by John B. Mahan on naval strategy: selections from the writings of Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan. Boston, Little, Brown, 1918 Reprint, Mineola, New York: Dover Publications, 1999. Mahan on naval warfare selections from the writing of Rear Admiral Alfred T. ![]() Newport, R.I.: Naval War College Press, 1991 The Influence of history on Mahan: the proceedings of a conference marking the centenary of Alfred Thayer Mahan's The influence of sea power upon history, 1660-1783. Freeport, N.Y.: Books for Libraries Press, 1970. ![]() Lessons of the war with Spain, and other articles. 1919.Īrmaments and arbitration or, The place of force in the international relations of states. ![]() The harvest within thoughts on the life of the Christian. Naval administration and warfare: some general principles, with other essays. Sea power in its relations to the War of 1812. Retrospect and prospect studies in international relations, naval and Political. Boston: Published for the Society, by Houghton, Mifflin, 1901.Īdmiral Farragut. Mahan with an introduction by Sir John G. The war in South Africa a narrative of the Anglo-Boer war from the beginning of hostilities to the fall of Pretoria. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2003. Mahan Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1900 Reprint with a new introduction by Francis P. The problem of Asia and its effect upon international policies. Boston, Little, Brown and company, 1897 Reprint, Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2001. The life of Nelson, the embodiment of the sea power of Great Britain. Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1890 Reprint, New York: Dover Publications, 1987. The influence of sea power upon history, 1660-1783. His most prominent work, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660–1783, had a widespread impact on navies around the world. Alfred Thayer Mahan (September 27, 1840–December 1, 1914) was a US Navy flag officer, geostrategist, and historian. ![]() ![]() ![]() Clive dedicated himself to the blade and swore to protect his brother until he won the ducal tournament and became the First Shield of Rosaria at just fifteen years of age. Though he was supposed to inherit the Phoenix's flames, it instead chose his younger brother Joshua. The main character and the first son of the Archduke of Rosaria. Here is a quick introduction to some of the characters the player can meet in the game. Taking heed of the general criticisms for Final Fantasy XV's map, such as being barren or underdeveloped, the latest game in the series will not have an open world but instead feature large explorable sections to give players a better feel of the world. To deliver a more enjoyable experience, Final Fantasy XVI will not feature a true open-world map. Unlike the playable character, they don't take orders from the players and instead fight as they see fit, with one exception: Clive's loyal canine companion Torgal, who the player can directly command to unleash devastating tag-team combos and heal Clive's wounds. The player can even choose to have the game slow down before being hit by an attack to evade.Ĭlive will also be accompanied by allies at specific points in the game. This mode will have many options to tinker with, allowing the player to customize the fighting experience to the appropriate skill level of their choice. To make the game easier, a Story-Focused Mode will be implemented, allowing the player to automatically chain attacks and abilities with the touch of a button and dodge enemy attacks. The player can chain regular attacks with powerful Eikonic abilities to create combos that take you from the ground to the air and back. Gameplayįinal Fantasy XVI is an action RPG where the player takes control of Clive Rosfield in a combat system that looks similar to Final Fantasy XV. Unlike the sci-fi setting of Final Fantasy XV, the latest release goes back to its medieval fantasy roots, complete with swords, shields, and plate armor, as well as being themed around crystals. But as the aether dims and the blight spreads, the precarious peace gives way to an eruption of conflict between nations. Everything We Know About Final Fantasy XVI Latest Trailer Story Plotįinal Fantasy XVI is set in the medieval realm of Valisthea, a land where Mothercrystals, gigantic crystalline formations that surround the environment with aether, are found. Final Fantasy XVI Release Date June 22, 2023Īccording to game director Naoki Yoshida during PlayStation's latest State of Play, Final Fantasy XVI will be released on Jworldwide. Read on to learn everything we know so far about Final Fantasy XVI including its release date, plot, and gameplay. ![]() ![]() Following the success of Final Fantasy XV by Square Enix, the next game in the series is set to make massive waves. ![]() ![]() ![]() Here, you’ll find all the PDFs you uploaded. Now that you’ve uploaded your files, check the queue. You can convert up to 20 documents in each session. Alternatively, you can just drag and drop your files. Navigate to the PDF file(s) you wish to convert, and upload them. To convert a PDF to JPG for free, you’ll need to upload a PDF using our tool above. ![]() There are a whole wealth of reasons why converting your files might be a good idea! How to convert PDF pages to image files for free? It also can make altering documents possible in your favorite image software, such as Lightroom or Gimp. It can also be helpful for reducing file size, as some PDFs can take up more drive space than image files. This is just one example of why converting PDF files to image files can be helpful. If you convert that PDF to a JPG, however, you can upload it directly to those social networks! If you wanted to share that advertisement on social media, you wouldn’t be able to, because most social media sites - Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, etc. As an example, let’s say you have a print advertisement for your restaurant in PDF. Having a JPG version of a PDF allows you to do more with that document. You can’t upload a PDF to Instagram, for example, because Instagram only accepts image files. This means you can’t upload PDF files to image-based systems. However, PDF files are classified as documents, not images. This may make PDF files seem similar to images. In other words, you can draft a PDF file on a Windows PC and it will look the same on an iPhone, a MacBook, or even a television. They usually have text, links, and sometimes images, but they are viewed universally on all systems. PDF files are like snapshots of document files. Common image file formats are JPG, PNG, and TIFF, for example. Images are files that contain graphical information, usually of a photograph, drawing, or another kind of visual media. ![]() ![]() ![]() It includes things like clear broth, tea, cranberry juice (when not preparing for a colonoscopy), Jell-O (not red when preparing for a colonoscopy), and Popsicles (not red when preparing for a colonoscopy).Įating only clear liquid gives you enough nutrition for 3 to 4 days. Utilizing a clear liquid diet for these instances allows for bowel rest and healing, avoiding potentially aggravating foods but still allowing clear liquids helps maintain hydration, electrolytes, and satiety while limiting the strain of digestion.A clear liquid diet is made up on only clear fluids and foods that turn to clear liquid when they are at room temperature. Ī clear liquid diet is used in treating uncomplicated diverticulitis, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or other gastrointestinal maladies. Wait for 1 to 2 hours after the throat has been numbed for any otolaryngic or bronchoscopic procedure. If the patient cannot keep their airway clear or handle their own oral secretions, do not continue diet without notifying the physician. If the patient is drowsy, coughs, clears their throat, or cannot swallow, they may need additional time to recover from the anesthesia to try again, or they may need further follow-up with speech therapy for a formal swallow study if this is prolonged. If they do not demonstrate any difficulty, they are likely ready to advance to other clear liquids as ordered. Assessing the patient’s swallowing ability with the first sip. If they do not cough or clear their throat after the ice chips, they are likely ready to try a sip of water. Using a relatively non-stimulating clear liquid diet can decrease the risk of nausea before progressing to more substantial foods. Beginning with a few ice chips, a postoperative patient's ability to control their swallow reflex can be assessed. Īfter a procedure that utilizes sedation or general anesthesia, a clear liquid diet may be ordered as part of the recovery process. Some physicians also recommend avoiding red and orange-colored items in such pre-procedural settings, as the color residue may appear blood-like during the procedure and potentially cause confusion. ![]() It is critical to adhere to this process before the procedure so the provider can clearly visualize the gastrointestinal tract. ![]() Ī clear liquid diet is typically ordered before gastrointestinal procedures, such as endoscopies or colonoscopies, in addition to the bowel preparation regimen prescribed. To mitigate this risk, most providers recommend not to eat solid foods eight hours prior to the procedure and may allow clear liquids up to two hours before procedures. Different food items are digested and emptied from the stomach at different rates and stimulate gastric secretions and acid production depending upon their constituent makeup. It is recommended to minimize gastric volume and stimulation in the immediate preoperative period to lower the risk of aspiration with general anesthesia. Next, it progresses to the large intestine, which absorbs water and condenses the chyme into a stool, and then moves to the rectum, where it is excreted through the anus. This digestive mix is called chyme, and it moves into the small intestine, where the walls of the small intestine (via lumenal projections called villi) absorb nutrients and water. Clear liquids are the easiest for the body to break down because they have very few proteins and fats and are predominantly made up of easily digestible carbohydrates, causing less gastric stimulation. This process is stimulated by the presence of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates in the stomach. In the stomach, digestive enzymes break down proteins into amino acids, fats into fatty acids and glycerol, and carbohydrates into simple sugars. The upper esophageal sphincter relaxes to allow entry of the bolus, and involuntary peristalsis moves the liquid down the esophagus with coordinated, wave-like contractions into the stomach. The soft palate closes reflexively to separate the oropharynx from the nasopharynx, and the larynx elevates with simultaneous coverage of the laryngeal inlet by the epiglottis, protecting the lower airway. Swallowing clear liquids occurs by voluntarily moving the liquid to the back of the mouth but requiring less oral mechanical coordination from the tongue and cheeks when compared to swallowing solids. Saliva is released in response to autonomic stimulation from olfactory and gustatory input, as well as mastication, and facilitates several functions, including swallowing. The digestive system begins at the mouth. ![]() |
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